{
  "id": "chain-of-verification",
  "code": "PTL-0049",
  "term": "Chain-of-Verification",
  "aliases": [
    "CoVe"
  ],
  "category": "verification",
  "definition": "Chain-of-Verification (CoVe) reduces hallucination by having the model draft an answer, plan verification questions about its claims, answer those questions independently, and then produce a corrected final answer.",
  "description": "Answering the verification questions without seeing the original draft keeps the model from simply repeating its own errors.",
  "example": null,
  "broader": [],
  "narrower": [],
  "related": [
    "hallucination",
    "self-refine",
    "maieutic-prompting"
  ],
  "introduced": 2023,
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Chain-of-Verification Reduces Hallucination in Large Language Models",
      "authors": "Dhuliawala et al.",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.11495"
    }
  ],
  "url": "https://protologue.com/t/chain-of-verification/",
  "citation": "Protologue. (2026). Chain-of-Verification. In Protologue: A Taxonomy of Prompting and LLM Techniques (v1.0.0, PTL-0049). https://protologue.com/t/chain-of-verification/"
}